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The quantification of Pinus patula recovery and productivity of manually orientated biomass collection in post mechanised full tree and semi mechanised tree length harvesting operations

  • Authors: Ncongwane, Thandekile Hazel
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Pinus patula – south Africa , Forest ecology , Biomass energy
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/61511 , vital:70692
  • Description: The use of biomass as an alternate source of energy has grown in popularity. Different types of biomass are obtained from a variety of sources including natural forests, forestry plantations and agriculture residues. However, forestry residues have been identified as the most promising source, due to the wide variety of plant products including leaves, twigs, branches, merchantable stem, stumps and roots. The main sources of plantation forest biomass are residues from thinning, clearfell and conventional products such as pulpwood and sawn timber operations. These residues can accumulate between 4.3 to 9.4 billion tonnes annually around the world. The biomass availability in plantation forests has led to the development of different harvesting systems to help collect the products from infield to sawmill. Biomass harvesting has mainly been achieved through mechanised systems because of their high yields. However, the use of manual systems has been neglected due to technical limitations and financial viability. Thus, in South Africa, there is no scientific research looking at manual systems of collecting biomass from plantations. Because of this, different forestry stakeholders, including small growers and contractors using manual systems for biomass harvesting have limited knowledge regarding what to expect in terms of recoverable amounts, productivity and cost. This research examines the productivity of the manual biomass collection and the quantification of recovered and unrecovered residues after mechanised full tree (FT) and semi mechanised tree length (TL) harvesting operations in Pinus patula compartments. A total number of 8 plots with +/-200 standing trees were marked in each system. The diameter and height of all marked trees were measured to determine tree volume. Moreover, the quantification of recoverable woody biomass was determined, where after, a residues assessment method using plots and line transects was used to determine the amount of unrecovered residues. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Environmental Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

The relationship between savings and economic growth in Southern African customs union (sacu) countries

  • Authors: Tala, Lavisa
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Economic development--Southern Africa , Customs unions
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/63111 , vital:73187
  • Description: This study empirically investigates the nature of the relationship between savings and economic growth in SACU member countries, namely: South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, and Eswatini, using panel data for the period 1990-2021. A high savings rate is believed to be instrumental in stimulating economic growth, making it vital is for policy makers to understand the nature of the relationship existing between savings and economic growth in order to design and implement appropriate policies. To ensure robustness of the empirical results, this study applied different panel data estimation procedures. Using Pooled OLS, Random Effect, Fully Modified OLS, Dynamic OLS and Mean Group, Pool Mean Group and Dynamic Fixed Effect, the study discovered that gross domestic savings have a positive impact on economic growth among SACU member countries. Based on the results, gross domestic savings emerged with different coefficients indicating sensitivity to the estimation technique although statistically significant. Furthermore, the study dealt with the issue of linearity in the savings-growth nexus, by estimating the threshold level. Estimated results reveal evidence that gross domestic savings above 16 percent threshold have a negative effect on economic growth, while below the threshold, level savings impact economic growth positively. The study recommends, among other things, that policy makers design and implement policies that promote financial inclusion to mobilise domestic savings so as to increase economic growth. The major goal of economic policy should be to encourage households to save and ensure that domestic savings are invested in productive projects and sectors of the economy. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

The role of trade unions in organisational change in South African organisations

  • Authors: Mzondi, Siphelele
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Organizational change -- Management , Organisational Development , Labor union emblems
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/62181 , vital:72005
  • Description: Organisations of the 21st century face a plethora of changes due to globalisation, a world referred to as volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA). Organisations must consider pertinent stakeholders, specifically employees, and by representation, trade unions, during organisational change attempts. The study has explored the role of trade unions during organisational change in South African organisations. A literature review was conducted, which explored, amongst others, factors driving change, organisational change management models, the labour relations landscape in South Africa and the role of trade unions in organisational change. The empirical study included semi-structured interviews and a survey with a questionnaire. An exploratory sequential mixed methods research design was followed, with semi-structured interviews conducted with trade union representatives and human resource/employment relations managers. Thereafter, an online self-administered survey was conducted focusing on employees. A non-probability judgement design was employed in sampling the participants for the qualitative approach, and five (N = 5) HR/employment relations managers and six (N = 6) trade union representatives were interviewed. Random sampling was employed for the quantitative component and 74 questionnaires were completed. The interviews were thematically analysed while for the survey, exploratory factor and correlation analysis were used. The factor analysis extracted three factors: Before Change; During Change; and After Change. Based on the results recommendations for senior management, HR/ER managers; and for trade unions were presented. The recommendations include that organisations use the framework as a guide to involve trade unions. Trade unions and their representatives need to be acknowledged as important stakeholders before change is introduced. Knowledge of labour law is essential and a culture of open communication must be evident before, during and after change. Trade unions should organise conferences (Indabas) to reorientate and reskill themselves about their role during organisational change within South African organisations. The main contribution of the study is that HR/ER managers and trade union representatives should utilise the framework developed in this study to advance best practices in respect of the role of trade unions in organisational change in the South African context. , Thesis (Ma) --Faculty of Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

The socio-economic impact of communal property associations in O.R. Tambo district in the Eastern Cape

  • Authors: Mhlontlo, Lizo
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Socio-economic impact , Communal Property Associations
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/61692 , vital:71826
  • Description: Land is the most valuable resource in every nation since it supports all aspects of life by giving people food, shelter, and water. In South Africa, the legacy of the colonial past remains with ongoing poverty, landlessness, inequality, and insecurity to this day. Large tracts of property are still owned by the minority who benefited from apartheid colonialism, the land issue continues to be a major concern in South African politics. After 1994 the Department of Land Affairs released a White Paper on Land Reform that served as the model for many subsequent land reform initiatives, including land restitution. Former Bantustans contain a sizable quantity of unsurveyed land that is kept in trust and administered by traditional leaders who serve as custodians. In order to return the land to its rightful owners through land restitution as well as other land reform initiatives, the government established a legal organization, the Communal Property Association (CPA), against which the land could be registered. This study focuses on CPAs located on unsurveyed communal land in the Eastern Cape Province's OR Tambo District. There has been discussion in parliament and among academics about the effectiveness of CPAs in addressing socioeconomic needs. Various studies and departmental assessments have revealed that CPAs are not in compliance with the Act that governs them, and the Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, and Land Reform developed a regularization intervention strategy to close administrative gaps in slow land transfer, membership, financial reporting, asset management, and accountability. This study investigates whether CPAs provide socioeconomic benefits, and assesses their current practicability. Five CPAs were sampled, each located in different towns in the OR Tambo District of the Eastern Cape. The findings are that while there has been a socio-economic impact in the broader community where CPAs are located there has been limited benefit to intended beneficiaries. CPAs and their administration are in dire need of change. Too large CPA groupings, a lack of understanding of the constitution, a lack of business skills, a lack of asset management, corrupt transactions on CPA land, traditional leadership interference, delays in land surveying and transfer, a lack of government support, and land invasions are all challenges. The government needs to prioritize land surveying and transfer to beneficiaries in order to reduce land invasions and conflicts with traditional leaders. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

The State of the Adoption of BIM in South Africa (A Kwa Zulu Natal Evaluation)

  • Authors: Naidoo, Luvendran
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Adoption , Building Information Modelling -- Kwa Zulu Natal (South Africa) , Evaluation
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , Thesis
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/65505 , vital:74164
  • Description: The construction sector is a key role player in South Africa’s economic development but is also known to have poor quality standards, and efficiency and lacks sustainable development. Building information modelling (BIM) has internationally been leveraged to improve the industry’s efficiency and could allow the local built environment sector to attain the same kinds of productivity gains that have been realised in other sectors. The value proposition of the wholescale BIM adoption in South Africa is irrefutable, given the widespread adoption by other nations. However, in South Africa, there is no known official position regarding mandating BIM for Infrastructure Projects. The Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) has maintained that the initial adoption of BIM in South Africa must be market and client driven. This study explores the issues surrounding the implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) through the research lens of built environment professionals based in Durban by ascertaining the state of BIM implementation amongst role players in the local construction industry. An understanding of the relative level of knowledge of BIM and its potential uses will be analysed. It explores the barriers to BIM and how it affects its uptake in organisations and pervasive use in the local construction sector. The methodology for this paper is based on a literature review of the key global trends relative to BIM implementation and thereafter a quantitative research methodology was then employed. A key finding was that the lack of knowledge about what BIM is and its potential uses, which is pervasive among the built environment professions affects the extent of its adoption. Other important outcomes were found to be the prevalence of the notion that scarcity of appropriately trained or experienced professionals in BIM in organisations retards its adoption and implementation, and the overarching perception that the implementation of BIM is constrained by resistance to change by staff and leadership at an organisational level. The paper concludes with observations and recommendations that flow from the research findings. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Engineering, the Built Environment and Technology, School of Built Environment and Civil Engineering, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

The use of Police force in crowd management

  • Authors: Moses, Andrew Paul
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Law enforcement , Crowd control
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , Thesis
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/60660 , vital:66302
  • Description: South Africa has a violent and oppressive past. They are various historical incidents1 of extreme cruelty perpetrated by the previous apartheid regime. Much of the modern South African democratic state was forged by protests. During the 1970s and 80s, the legislator by passing unjust laws was used to assist the government to maintain the oppression of the people of South Africa. From the Soweto uprising in the 1970s to the current service delivery protests of the 21st century, gatherings have always had the potential for deadly violence. The motivation for this research started with the emotions evoked by the iconic picture of the body of Hector Pietersen2 being carried after being shot by the police. Strikingly the images of the killing by the police of Andries Tatane conjured further questions concerning the use of deadly force within crowd management situations. The research undertook an analysis of the use of force by the police during crowd management situations. A brief analysis of South African law relating to the use of force by the police prior to 1996 is provided. There are legislative prescripts for the use of force during the maintenance of public order. It must be noted that the legislation falls short on providing clear, concise authority for the use of deadly force. Normally, the use of force by the police and civilians for the purpose of arrest is regulated by the Criminal Procedure Act3 , whereas the Regulation of Gatherings Act4 providing the authority for the use of force by the police in crowd management situations to preserve public order. At first glance, section 49 of the CPA seems to validate arguments that it violates some constitutionally protected rights, among which are the right to dignity, life, to freedom and security of the person, against cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and to a fair trial, which includes the right to be presumed innocent. Section 49 however, withstood Constitutional muster as set out in Re: S v Walters & another. As the right to life is a non derogable right.5 The limitation of this right may lead to constitutional scrutiny. The emphasis will thus be on ensuring that the balance with regards to proportionality in the use of deadly force is maintained. During the research it became apparent that the police, especially during crowd management situations, served political interests.6 This had the unintended consequence that the laws were applied to suit the political narrative and not the rule of law. The use of force in the policing arena is controversial. It is very clear that any misuse of force in crowd management situations will evoke the historical wounds associated with apartheid. However, within crowd management, the use of force and the authority to use deadly force is absolutely necessary. The Marikana massacre was used to highlight the mistakes that police have made during inappropriate use of force and its catastrophic consequences.7 It was observed that the legislative framework concerning the use of force, whether under section 49 of the CPA or section 9 of the RGA, is incoherent and too complex. The research argues for simplicity and accuracy within policy and applicable legislative alignment. The linkages from the applicable legislation to the institutional policies should never be outdated or incorrectly formulated. The violent rhetoric from politicians such as ex-president Jacob Zuma, 8 Minister Fikile Mbalula 9 and Bheki Cele10 fuels the argument that the police are susceptible to misdirected notions and may cause the police act unlawfully. The Constitution requires the police to “enforce the law”11 and as such there is an obligation on the police to do this within the constitutional parameters. The correct use of deadly force will only be achieved if the SAPS adequately resource, train and regularly refresh their members regarding the use of force when policing protests. , Thesis (LLM -- Faculty of Law, School of Criminal and Procedural Law, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Top-down control by grapsoid crabs in South African estuarine salt marshes

  • Authors: Smith, Leigh-Ann
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Salt marsh ecology – South Africa , Crabs --South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/61223 , vital:69807
  • Description: Salt marshes are one of the most productive ecosystems globally. These ‘blue carbon’ habitats are in many respects resilient to climate change effects, able to track sea level rise and act as carbon sinks. Since salt marshes are economically and ecologically essential habitats (for example providing foraging grounds for invertebrates, fish, birds and humans), understanding the processes that control their structure is crucial to best maintain ecosystem services provided by these habitats. For decades the importance of top-down forces, such as grazing, has not been recognised as being important in controlling salt marsh plant productivity. Rather, bottom-up forces, such as the availability of oxygen, was thought to be the main constraint to primary production. Therefore, a better understanding of salt marsh ecosystem dynamics and whether grazer control exists is needed. Although grazer top-down control has been demonstrated in salt marshes in locations such as the United States, this has not been investigated in South Africa. This is a crucial knowledge gap locally considering the importance of salt marsh ecosystems. The aim of this study was therefore to determine what role consumers play in structuring South Africa’s estuarine salt marsh vegetation, thereby also contextualising this process internationally. In order to achieve this, the abundance of grapsoid crabs was estimated and related to key salt marsh features, such as Spartina maritima stem height and stem density, which was quantified from observational surveys. Sampling took place at the beginning and end of the early-spring and late-summer growth period (September 2021 and April 2022) in the Knysna, Kromme and Swartkops estuaries. If a correlation was observed between crab density and salt marsh features, it was important to determine whether they consume the salt marsh vegetation or if the effect was due to their burrowing activities. Hence, the diet of grapsoid crabs was investigated using stable isotope and gut content analysis. To examine the importance of crab grazing in controlling the growth of salt marsh vegetation, crab abundance was manipulated in situ by means of exclusion cages. This experiment ran for five months in the Kromme Estuary, from November 2021 to March 2022 over the salt marsh growing season. An ex situ feeding experiment was also conducted on 30 crab specimens collected from the Kromme Estuary, during May 2022. These crabs were starved for 48 hours and thereafter fed different components of Spartina (growing and dead blades, and roots and rhizomes). The food consumed was quantified as the change in plant length and dry weight after 48 hours, which gave a maximum grazing rate for the different food sources. It was found that crabs are having a minimal impact on the salt marsh vegetation structure. Spartina maritima does form an important component of the diet of grapsoid crabs, however, this is not their only source of food, and possibly not their preferred source of food. They are however contributing to sediment properties through their burrowing activities. The iii ex situ feeding experiment showed that grapsoid crabs can consume all vegetative components of Spartina, with a significantly greater amount of roots and rhizomes consumed. There was no consistent effect in terms of the exclusion of grazers, indicating that other mitigating factors could be reducing the impacts of grapsoid exclusion in situ. Together, these findings contribute knowledge that can be used to inform conservation by quantifying what the salt marsh risks losing in the absence or overabundance of crabs, as has occurred elsewhere globally. These results influence how salt marshes are managed, and highlight how not recognising the importance of consumers, such as crabs, could misalign management objectives. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Environmental Sciences, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Towards a Cybersecurity Skills Framework for South Africa

  • Authors: Kruger, M
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Computer systems--Security measures , Frameworks (Structures) -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , Thesis
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/61200 , vital:69793
  • Description: Cybersecurity is an ever-growing area of concern both globally and in South Africa. The increasing number of cyberattacks daily has had a large effect on individuals, organisations, governments, and society at large. The growing need to combat cybercrime is accompanied by the increased need for skilled IT professionals to assist in protecting against cybercrime. Currently, there is a worldwide cybersecurity skills gap and a lack of IT professionals with the requisite cybersecurity skills. Many countries have developed their own taxonomies and common lexicons for IT and cybersecurity work, specifically for their context. This type of common lexicon is important to help assist in the development of skills. However, South Africa does not yet have its own cybersecurity skills framework to serve as a common lexicon for the South African context. Hence, the problem defined for this study is that, without a common lexicon of the cybersecurity knowledge, skills, abilities, and tasks (KSATs) required of IT professionals as they relate to specific IT job roles in South Africa, the cybersecurity skills gap cannot be sufficiently addressed. Such a lexicon could help drive the development of skills in South Africa and, in so doing assist in alleviating the cybersecurity skills gap. This study therefore presents a common lexicon by collecting job postings over a four-month period from 1 October 2020 to 31 January 2021. These job postings were analysed using a thematic content analysis. The results identified 20 common IT job roles, together with the specific KSATs relating to each job role identified. As a result, these job roles form part of a proposed cybersecurity skills framework for South Africa (CSFwSA) which could help and guide South Africa towards more targeted cybersecurity skills development. The proposed framework could also be useful in guiding tertiary educational facilities in the creation of cybersecurity curricula that represent the real-world expectations. This, in turn, could help South Africa to address the cybersecurity skills gap by better preparing IT professionals and ensuring that they are trained and skilled in cybersecurity. , Thesis (MIT) -- Faculty of Engineering, the Built Environment and Technology, School of Information Technology, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Township economy performance and contribution towards economic development in Nelson Mandela Bay: Assessment using the circular flow of money

  • Authors: Matambeka, Sibahle
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Circular Economy , Economic Development , South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/61659 , vital:71823
  • Description: The study sought to explore township economic performance and contribution towards economic development in Nelson Mandela Bay, using the circular flow of money model. The study surveyed households and businesses in one of the townships in Nelson Mandela Bay (Kwazakhele). The survey reached out to 100 households and 100 businesses, totalling 200 participants. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The current state of the township economy is not a desirable one. There are more leakages than injections into the township economy. More township residents (especially high-income earners) choose to shop outside the township for goods because the township does not have the goods that residents need. Key findings show that township businesses are small in nature, primarily sole propriety and operate informally in the streets. Most people who work, earn R3500 and below and spend most of their income on food and groceries. Supply for the most consumed products in the township comes mainly from outside the township, and there is no circular flow in the township economy. However, there are more people working inside the township than those who work outside the township. More essential goods are found in the township than before, so residents do not have to travel outside the township to get basic groceries and food. Other findings show that the government is not intervening enough to help the township businesses through policy implementation and financial aid. Businesses in the township do not pay taxes, and this can limit what the government can do to help them. There are other business constraints that are prohibiting the township businesses to reach the optimum level, and the top cited constraint is Crime. The study recommended that government should intervene by passing a bill like the Gauteng Township Economy Bill that aims at assisting township businesses. Households should come up with other streams of income through entrepreneurship so that they can not only depend on government social grants for income. Businesses should form bulk buying groups to increase buying power to be competitive. Lastly, businesses should seek alternative sources of power because electricity is expensive, and the load-shedding is prohibiting township businesses from running efficiently. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Transfer of technological innovation for socio-economic development: the case of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in ACCRA, Ghana

  • Authors: Anoku, John Kofie
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Developing economies , Research & development
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/60537 , vital:65643
  • Description: The importance of technological innovation transfer to a country’s socio-economic development cannot be underestimated. This is because technological innovation provides the base for today’s knowledge-based economy. As a developing economy, Ghana faces several socio-economic development challenges as those of other developing economies. Despite these socio-economic challenges, it has been shown that thriving Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana, could help improve the socio-economic development of the Ghanaian economy. Notwithstanding the valuable contributions of SMEs to socio-economic development in Ghana, there appears to be a more significant disconnect between research outcomes from research institutions to SMEs in the areas of technological innovation transfer. It appears there is no bridge between research institutions and SMEs. Against this backdrop, the study aimed at investigating how the transfer of technological innovation from research institutions to SMEs could enable SMEs to thrive and improve the socio-economic development of the Ghanaian economy. A mixed methods research approach was used for the study. The study applied a stratified sampling technique to select 432 CEOs of SMEs from a total population of 481CEOs which represents all CEOs of SMEs in the Association of Ghana Industries (AGI) database in Accra, Ghana as of December 2018. A purposive sampling technique was also used to select ten (10) directors of research institutions from a total number of nineteen (19) research institutions, (including the CSIRs and public tertiary educational institutions), based in Accra, Ghana. The study site, Accra, Ghana, was chosen because of its thriving SME populations and world-class research institutions. While a probit regression model was used to address only the objective three (3) of the research objectives, a descriptive statistical analysis was used via the usage of the SPSS software to generate the mean, standard deviation and percentages on the trend and distribution of the study variables among the study population. However, thematic analysis which enables the examination of the data to identify common themes was used on the qualitative data. The empirical results from the study indicated that technological innovation received from research institutions did not address SMEs' needs and did not result in products and services needed by the Ghanaian community. The study found low collaboration between research institutions and SMEs; and indicated that policy direction towards research institutions and SMEs' collaboration was the essential factor in boosting the efforts to drive collaborations. The study has made a valuable contribution to knowledge by showcasing a framework for successfully transferring technological innovation from research institutions to iii SMEs. The study also contributes to the Helix and triple helix models of innovation by indicating that the successful transfer of technological innovation goes beyond the production of basic research by research institutions and the adoption of basic research by SMEs. Thus, successful technological innovation transfer hinges mainly on effective collaboration between the parties involved. In this regard, the study also contributes to theory, as it is one of the first studies to directly address the problem concerning how the transfer of technological innovation from research institutions to SMEs could enable SMEs thrive and improve the socio-economic development of the Ghanaian economy. The study could enable policymakers/governments to understand the existing gap between research institutions and SMEs and how they can work together to harness technological innovation for the betterment of socio-economic development in Ghana. It also generates new empirical knowledge on research and SMEs. The new knowledge in technological innovations could shape theory and policy decision-making, resulting in enhanced sustainable socio-economic development in Ghana. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Unit managers’ perceptions of compassion fatigue among nurses at private hospitals in the Eastern Cape

  • Authors: Els, Lisa Victoria
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Medical personnel -- Job stress , Burn out (Psychology) -- Treatment , Compassion
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/69637 , vital:78002
  • Description: Caring has been described in literature as encompassing empathy, attentiveness, experience, and sensitivity, which is then translated into nursing bedside practice. However, the cost of caring may cause nurses to become withdrawn and unable to care for their patients. This phenomenon is called compassion fatigue (CF), where nurses feel unable to respond to their patients and become withdrawn from stressful scenarios in the unit. CF is prevalent globally among nurses based in all hospital disciplines. The aim of the study is to explore unit managers’ perceptions of CF among nurses in private hospitals in the Eastern Cape in order to develop recommendations for UMs on how to respond to CF among nursing staff. The study used a qualitative, exploratory-descriptive approach. The researcher used Williams, McDowell and Kautz’s (2011) Caring Leadership Model to explore the UMs’ perceptions of CF. The population chosen for this study was the UMs in private hospitals in the Eastern Cape. A minimum of 12 UMs were purposively sampled to take part in the study. Data was collected by means of semi-structured individual interviews. Lincoln and Guba’s four criteria of trustworthiness, namely: credibility, conformability, dependability and transferability were applied to enhance the quality of the study. The researcher upheld the ethical standards of the Belmont Report throughout the course of the study. Five themes were identified using Braun and Clarke’s data analysis method. The themes identified were: Theme 1: UMs’ perceptions of the manifestations of CF among their nursing staff; Theme 2: UMs’ perceptions of contributors to CF among their nursing staff; Theme 3: UMs identified that patient outcomes may have been hindered by CF among their nursing staff; Theme 4: UMs sought to enhance the well-being of their nursing staff which may have mitigated possible CF; Theme 5: Suggestions by UMs regarding UM self-awareness and improved support for each other. Hence the complex phenomenon of CF was explored through the UMs’ descriptions of their perceptions as leaders of nurses in the nursing practice setting. The UMs shared the difficulty of their roles, most especially related to how they struggled to vi support their staff while at the same time, feeling unsupported themselves. UMs were struggling, with staff who appeared to have CF. UMs reported that staff seemed more irritable, and angry. Added to these changes in behaviour, were signs that staff were not coping with the workload as well as with very ill patients. These changes in behaviour, signs of emotional and physical fatigue as well as higher rates of absenteeism all seemed to be aligned with the classical signs and symptoms of CF as described in much of the literature. Once the themes had been identified, a modified version of the AGREE II tool was used as a framework to develop the following recommendations: Recommendation 1: Facilitate UM peer support regarding CF management; Recommendation 2: Train UMs regarding CF and related conditions; Recommendation 3: Assist UMs to support their staff who are exhibiting CF. , Thesis (MCur) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Care & Medicinal Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Unleashing the nexus between climate change and food security in rural South Africa: role of three community radio stations in the Eastern Cape Province

  • Authors: Bamigboye, Foluke Bosede
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Climatic changes , Food security , South Africa -- Rural conditions
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27325 , vital:66939
  • Description: This study investigates the role of Forte FM, Mdantsane FM and Rhodes Music Community Radios in disseminating the different kinds of messages on the nexus between the impacts of climate change and food security in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Therefore, the study aims to investigate how these community radio stations play their informative, educative and entertainment roles regarding climate change and food security awareness programmes to their listeners. The study employed the qualitative research approach and convenience, and non-probability samplings techniques were subsequently used to select samples for this study. In-depth interviews were conducted individually for Forte FM, Mdantsane FM and Rhodes Music community radio programme managers respectively, who serve as the key informants. One focus group discussion each was held with residents of Golf Course, Mdantsane and Grahamstown areas where these radio stations broadcast from, with eight participants in each focus group. The total number of participants for the focus group discussions was 24 participants. The collected data were coded into themes using NVivo 12 software to generate the theme nodes and case nodes as key findings, analysis and then interpreted. The findings of this study confirmed that these three community radio stations do contribute to climate change communication through their programmes that focus on climate change and food security related issues. Another vital finding from the study showed that listeners do benefit immensely from these climate change and food security related programmes of the under-study community radio stations. Hence, listeners physical, social, and cognitive well-being of their climatic environment have been greatly impacted. In the same vein, the findings of this study further revealed that the rural communities who are mostly affected by the impacts of climate change on food security have been well informed and enlightened on the suitable ways to enhance a sustainable food security and climate adaptation system through Forte FM, Mdantsane FM, and Rhodes Music community radio stations. Significantly, this study has been able to come up with two suggested models and the conceptual frameworks, which are the Local Action Adaptive Communication (LAAC) Model and the Indigenous Behavioral Change Conceptual (IBCC) Model. These models are focused on increasing listeners interests, adaptation, and behavioral change on climate change issues. The models are also aimed at ensuring better climate change and food security communication Author. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Use of flow reactors for an improved synthesis of Tenofovir derivatives

  • Authors: Sonti, Thembela
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Antiviral agents -- South Africa , HIV infections –Treatment
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/61190 , vital:69792
  • Description: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is a prescription drug used to treat and prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. It aids in the reduction of HIV in the body, allowing the immune system to function more effectively. This reduces the risk of HIV complications, such as infections, whilst improving the quality of life. TDF belongs to the nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors category of drugs. These drugs limit the ability of the reverse transcriptase, an enzyme essential for each virus to replicate itself. A reduction in the cost of HIV treatment could improve supply security and make it more accessible to patients in need. Thus, this project aims to use flow technology to achieve a guaranteed supply chain and access. In this thesis, a method for the synthesis of TDF was developed using microreactors starting from the readily available adenine. The method was adapted from the traditional batch synthesis as currently there is no literature on the synthesis of TDF in flow chemistry. The batch methods used for the synthesis of the working standards were successfully translated to flow systems. For the best results to be obtained, optimisation of the reaction temperature, reagent molar equivalents and concentration was critical. From the optimisation studies, an improvement in conversion is evident throughout all stages. The flow synthesis of the first intermediate resulted in a conversion of 100 % in N,N-dimethylformamide in 6 min residence time. This study was conducted at 200 °C, which is higher than the boiling point of the solvent with the aid of a back pressure regulator. A key reagent in the synthesis of tenofovir, namely ((tosyloxy)methyl)phosphonic acid, had to be synthesised and it was successfully produced in 96 % yield. The second intermediate was synthesised through a successful coupling reaction between (R)-9-(2-hydroxypropyl)adenine and ((tosyloxy)methyl)- phosphonic acid, which afforded a 100 % conversion of tenofovir in 20 min total residence time. The multistep synthesis of tenofovir was a success as it afforded a 65 % overall conversion. The prodrug TDF was successfully synthesised at 120 °C with a 30 min residence time, yielding a conversion of 100 %. ii | P a g e This thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter one describes the background on HIV and a literature review on HIV drugs. This chapter also demonstrates flow chemistry and microreactors in detail and different routes for the synthesis of TDF in traditional batch methods. Chapter two provides a detailed methodology for batch synthesis and flow synthesis with analytical data. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and FTIR spectroscopy was used to evaluate all the compounds synthesised in this chapter. Chapter three thoroughly discusses the results that were obtained graphically, showing that the flow synthesis gives better yields than batch synthesis. In chapter 4, the conclusion of the whole investigation is stated along with the future work for the preparation of TDF. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, School of Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Utilising the participatory action learning and action research approach in developing school improvement plans in community schools

  • Authors: Rangana, Noluvo
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Active learning , Action research , School improvement programs, Community schools
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , Thesis
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/64021 , vital:73640
  • Description: This study sought to determine how Participatory Action Learning and Action Research (PALAR) can be used to develop school improvement plans in community schools. The study looks at the Centre for the Community Schools whose objective is to collaboratively develop alternative approaches to school improvement that are relevant and responsive to the realities of under-served community schools. CCS used a PALAR approach in their engagements with multiple stakeholders to develop school improvements, and this study sought to investigate the experience of those multiple stakeholders. Those multiple stakeholders are participants in this study and together we formed an Action Learning Set (ALS). The lessons we learned from their perceptions of the PALAR approach, and the contextual factors that must be considered when using PALAR, led us to draft guidelines that support the use of PALAR when developing school improvement plans in community schools. A literature review was conducted on the main concepts of this study starting on a historical perspective of schools in Europe, the United States of America, and South Africa. This historical perspective gave an international point of view on the thinking of schooling internationally. This international account on the history of schooling was followed by a South African explanation on our history of schooling, looking at education in the apartheid era and education post-apartheid era. This was important in understanding how the concept of school improvement plans came about in South Africa. The literature review also highlighted the importance of school improvement plans and shed light on what a community school is, and what it is not. The study made use of PALAR as a methodology and is located in the Critical paradigm. The research approach was a Critical Participatory Action Research approach, and the study was framed with a combination of the critical pedagogy and the Cultural-Historical Activity Theory. The study made use of Participatory Visual Methods as tools to generate data , in particular, drawings, collages and cellphilms. To analyse the data, we used a thematic analysis and the nominal group technique. The findings of the study reveal that the PALAR approach is an empowering approach that acknowledges diversity and fosters meaningful relationships. The findings also showed that this approach is time consuming, messy and lacks structure. Further to this, the findings of this study suggest that language, coherency, and culture are important factors to consider when making use of the PALAR approach. This study used an African calabash to present a framework on how the PALAR approach can be applied in the African context. Finally, the study proposes guidelines that can be used to develop school improvement plans in community schools and how those guidelines can be used in the African context using the acronym SERV (Situatedness, Empowerment, Roles, and Vulnerability). , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, School of Initial Teacher Education, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Validation and adaptation of statistical models based on the SAPS III score to predict in-hospital mortality in a South African ICU

  • Authors: Pazi, Sisa
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Police -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Statistics – South Africa , Mortality – South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/61360 , vital:70602
  • Description: In-hospital mortality prediction remains an important task in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). In particular, the estimated in-hospital mortality risk is essential to describe case-mix, for research and clinical auditing purposes. Furthermore, in settings with limited hospital resources (e.g beds) such as the South African public health care system, the estimated in-hospital mortality risk is essential for resource allocation and to inform local patient triage guidelines. Commonly used models for prediction of in-hospital mortality in ICU patients includes, but not limited to, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score III (SAPS III). The SAPS III model was developed in 2005. Notably, the SAPS III model was developed without data collected from African based hospitals. Given the general application of the SAPS III model, including benchmarking and quality control, the development of such a model based on local data is of paramount importance. To this end, this study developed a model for prediction of in-hospital mortality based on data collected in a hospital in South Africa. Logistic regression modelling was used to develop the proposed mortality risk assessment model. The results indicated that the proposed model exhibited superior discrimination and classification abilities compared to the SAPS III model. Future research includes the external validation of the proposed model in different hospitals in South Africa. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, School of Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics and Statistics, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Validation of Small Punch Testing Methodology to determine the variation in static properties over the build height of Ti-6Al-4V laser metal deposition samples.

  • Authors: Viviers, Amy Bronwan
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Photovoltaic power generation , Mechanical properties , South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/66344 , vital:74637
  • Description: Small Punch Static Testing is a testing methodology which has gained immense popularity in the power generation industry. With the drive to optimise material testing and use of expensive, lightweight materials in specialised engineering, Small Punch Static Testing has been standardised to determine standard mechanical properties of materials. Using the Small Punch Static Testing methodology as outlined in BS EN 10371, additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V samples were tested in order to determine their theoretical ultimate tensile strength and yield strength and to determine whether there was a significant change in mechanical properties across the build height of an interrupted build direct energy deposition sample. While extremely material specific, this method has been proven to be feasible in determining mechanical properties in samples where material is scarce and no significant relationship between the sample extraction height and mechanical properties is noted. , Thesis (Ma) -- Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Technology, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Viability of government funded broiler production : lessons from Northern KwaZulu Natal, South Africa

  • Authors: Mdletshe, Sifiso Themba Clement https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2668-0193
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Broilers (Chickens) -- Economic aspects , Broilers (Poultry) , Broilers (Chickens) -- Breeding
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27843 , vital:69947
  • Description: Generally, rural areas continue to experience high poverty levels and low incomes, which seem to be occasioned by high unemployment rates, limited educational attainments, and devastating floods and droughts. This situation is further exacerbated by increase in crime rates, making livelihoods even more difficult. To mitigate such adverse situations, rural households employ diverse strategies, including maintaining community gardens, one-home-one-garden schemes, as well as livestock and poultry production. The most prevalent livelihood strategy in South Africa or KwaZulu-Natal is broiler production, since it needs less space and a short production cycle compared to other livestock or crop enterprises. At the same time, income is generated over a short period. Besides, the government of KwaZulu Natal has actively intervened in the sector as part of its broader poverty reduction strategy and farmer support programmes. In KwaZulu-Natal Province, the provincial government has been supporting broiler producers for many years. While substantial research work has been done in the province on livelihood strategies, including livestock production on a province-wide basis, there is no information about how successful the broiler production funded by the government has being. Broader concerns about production problems have not been assuaged based on systematic studies and evidence. It is this wise that this study was initiated. The objective is to assess the economic viability of government-funded small-scale broiler projects in the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa and determine the implications for poverty reduction and food security. Data were collected from the government-funded small-scale broiler producers that are residing in Northern KwaZulu-Natal districts uThungulu, Zululand and uMkhanyakude. A total of 75 small-scale broiler projects 25 broiler projects in each district were selected by probability sampling procedure for the interviews. Questionnaires that combined both close-ended and open-ended questions were used to collect primary data, which include production and marketing, as well as the factors that influence the profitability of the small-scale broiler projects. After collection, data were captured and encoded on spreadsheets in Microsoft Excel and exported to Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software version 26 and STATA for analyses. Descriptive statistics applied include frequencies and means. In addition, a gross margin (GM) and gross profit margin (GPM) analysis were employed to assess the profitability of government-funded small-scale broiler projects. Both profitability and gross margin analyses were used as proxies for farmers’ motivation and incentives to participate in broiler production. Further analyses were conducted to determine the model that best explains the underlying relationships. Initially, the Multiple Linear Regression Model was applied to determine the factors influencing the profitability of government-funded small-scale broiler projects. The indication was that while positive profits were revealed, the system seemed to fall short of its potential. In light of that, it was decided to fit another model to estimate the technical efficiency of the system and gain an understanding of the causes of any inefficiency that might exist in the production system. In that regard, the one-step Stochastic Frontier Model was employed to show that the technical efficiency of broiler production systems in the project area was positively and significantly influenced by flock size, the quantity of feeds and labour costs, while medication played no role possibly because of weak extension coverage. An inefficiency model fitted as part of the one-step model suggested that age, gender and educational level were significant influencers of technical inefficiency, with the possibility that the older the farmers, the more technically inefficient the system possibly because of the strenuousness of commercial poultry production. In addition, it was found that the more educated the farmer, the less inefficient the farm, which conversely means that the system becomes more efficient as the farmer receives more education. The negative coefficient of the gender variable also implies that for farms managed by female farmers, the system was less inefficient, which is more technically efficient, and this can be explained by women’s propensity to be more gentle, caring and sensitive in managing the chickens than their male counterparts. Heteroskedasticity tests and corrections were conducted in the one-step estimation technique to show that variations in the inefficiency term (μ) and the stochastic error term were explained by age and educational level for the most part. Clearly, improvements in the broiler industry in KwaZulu-Natal will depend to a large extent on the knowledge and experience of the farmers and substantial enlargement of the flock size of adequately fed birds. Attention to these elements is expected to have important practical implications for sustainable broiler poultry development and food security in the project area, as well as locations possessing identical features and characteristics. , Thesis (MSci) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Visitors' perceptions of the Outeniqua farmers' market in George

  • Authors: Oberholzer, Cornelis
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Farmers' Market -- George , Sustainable Development , Garden Route (South Africa)
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/60729 , vital:66486
  • Description: Sustainability has been the focal point of sustainable tourism development in South Africa for a number of years. The ability of attractions to depict the culture of an area and provide visitors with locally produced goods that remain economically viable for vendors, remains crucial for tourism development. Hence, farmers’ markets have recently been identified as potential visitor attractions that can provide sustainable development for communities. However, farmers’ markets and their clientele who attend have not received the necessary scholarly attention particularly within the Western Cape region of South Africa. To further understand what role farmers markets can play in the tourism economy; this study sought to examine the perceptions of visitors at the Outeniqua Farmers’ Market in George. The research objectives were: • To determine the demographic profile of visitors to the Outeniqua Farmers’ Market. • To ascertain the preferences of visitors with regard to the type of products offered at the Outeniqua Farmers’ Market. • To determine whether the Outeniqua Farmers’ Market serves as an attraction to visitors. • To analyse which factors motivate visitors to attend the Outeniqua Farmers’ Market. • To examine the visitors understanding of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the Outeniqua Farmers’ Market. To accomplish the objectives of this study, previous research undertaken was consulted in order to better understand how farmers’ markets were performing around the world. In addition, to what methodological approaches would be most appropriate to utilise for such a study. The literature consulted revealed disparate differences in perceptions between farmers’ market visitors in Northern as opposed to Southern hemisphere countries. The effects of COVID 19 and the influence of visitor perceptions on travel behaviour were expounded on. Also, previous research revealed that a quantitative survey would be useful for the study as respondents would be accessible at the farmers’ market to solicit information since it was a confined area. v The findings revealed that visitors were mostly locals to the area, comprising primarily white middle-aged females who often attend with family groups. Furthermore, visitors thoroughly enjoyed the overall experience the market presented. It is further complemented by the availability of ready-to-eat foods as well as the provision of social interactions within a secure environment, while scrutinising the environmental friendliness and uniqueness of the products. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Science, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Wage differentials by sector and gender in Botswana

  • Authors: Motswapong, Masedi
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Wage differentials -- Botswana , Wage Decomposition
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/62128 , vital:71998
  • Description: The study examines wage differentials in the public and private sectors and gender wage gaps within these sectors in Botswana. Raw data from three nationally representative surveys collected is used. These surveys include the 2005/06 Labour force, the 2015/16 Multi-Topic Household and the 2019 Quarterly Multi-Topic. To address the set objectives, the study utilises the quantile regression model and decomposition methods proposed by Firpo, Fortin and Lemieux (2009) and further used the reweighted RIF-OLS OaxacaBlinder decomposition method proposed by Rios-Avila (2020). Results from three surveys demonstrate evidence of wage inequalities in Botswana. Findings revealed that the wage differential in the public and private sectors has weakened over the years, though it is still a significant concern. The public-private sector wage gap decreased from 72% in 2005/06 to 56% in 2019. However, a different trend is observed in the gender wage differentials, where the gap gradually increased over time. Gender wage gaps in the public sector were 4% in 2005/06; in 2015/16, the gap increased to 27% and 49% in 2019. On the other hand, in the private sector, the average wages were 7.34 and 6.98 for males and females in 2005/06, respectively, implying a wage gap of 35%. This trend holds for the other two samples. The gender wage gap in 2015/16 fell to 23% and increased to 28% in 2019. Results from the quantile regression estimates show that returns to education differ in both the sectoral and gender sections. Further, for males and females, returns for education tend to rise as the education level increases. Returns for education for the private sector are higher than for the public sector. For gender wage differences, education returns for females are higher than for males at all levels, supporting findings that females are more educated on average than males. For decomposition results, findings show that observed characteristics, such as education levels, negatively affect wages at the lower levels and positively at other parts of the distribution in the sectoral wage section. For the gender wage gap section, results show that workers’ characteristics had mixed contributions to the wage gap; it narrows the gap at the lower levels and widens it at higher levels of the wage distribution. Further, results suggest the presence of labour market discrimination and evidence of the “sticky-floor” viii effect in both sectors. Additionally, findings from the reweighting RIF-Oaxaca estimates show that the public-private sector wage gap takes an inverted U-shaped distribution in different levels of the wage distribution. Similarly, composition effects positively affect the gap at lower levels, whereas wage structure effects affect the wage gap at the highest distribution level. Overall, the study’s findings have some significant policy recommendations. The study has indicated that the country has no policy to reduce or eliminate wage differentials in the labour market. Hence, Botswana policymakers need to formulate policies to eliminate wage inequalities. Furthermore, it is recommended that the government should continue investing in human capital development. Education is vital in bridging the wage gap within the labour market. Additionally, there is a need to promote tolerance within society and promote ways of appreciating women’s work. It is also recommended that males be encouraged to work in jobs where women are overrepresented. The study's findings contribute to the ongoing wage inequality debate, and it is hoped that the study will benefit policymakers in Botswana. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Women at work: A Muslim perspective

  • Authors: Arghedien, Nuraan
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Personnel management , Muslim women
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/60510 , vital:65640
  • Description: Globally, women, including Muslim women face challenges advancing within their careers. This is supported by research focusing on the advancement of women. However, a paucity of research exists, focusing on the factors contributing to specifically the success and advancement of Muslim women. This study therefore explored the factors impacting on the experienced career success of women, particularly Muslim women and sought to identify additional barriers faced by Muslim women in the work context. In addition, the study identified interventions that can be used to enhance their success. For the purpose of this study, experienced career success referred to the subjective view of success individuals hold of themselves in relation to their careers. The target population of this study included women and men, irrespective of religious orientation or ethnic profile who reside and work in South Africa (n=243). A self-administered online survey was developed and distributed via an electronic link to individuals within a professional network as well as on various social media platforms. In addition, the study was subjected to various statistical analyses, including an Exploratory Factor Analysis, Reliability, Multiple Correlations, and Group Comparisons using ANOVAs, Tukey HSD, Independent Sample t-tests and Cohen’s d. Moreover, the qualitative analysis included ATLAS.ti, a manual search and the use of word clouds to extract themes that were highlighted or emphasised in the empirical study. The main findings of this study suggest that there are various factors impacting on the experienced career success of Muslim women. Positive significant relationships were found between Internal Factors and Success Indicators, indicating that the higher the level of motivation, the more successful are Muslim women. In addition, Organisational Factors and Success Indicators showed a positive relationship, implying that the importance placed on career-related interventions and commitment from top management influence the success of Muslim women. A significant relationship was found between Organisational Success Strategies and Success Indicators which means that the more aware and exposed Muslim women are to the identified career-related interventions, the greater their success. x No relationships were evident between gender and success, nor were differences found in the responses of men and women, contrary to the perception that the extent to which the factors apply to men and women are different. Furthermore, a model was developed based on the theoretical underpinnings and empirical evidence to assist in understanding the factors impacting on the experienced success of Muslim women. Additionally, strategies in the form of recommendations were advised with the aim of enhancing the experienced success of Muslim women. This study contributes to the body of knowledge relating to the advancement of Muslim women in the South African context. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Science, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04
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